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1
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October 1
October 1
1. October 2025
Born in
1671: Guido Grandi, Italian mathematician
1723: Georg Rudolf Böhmer, German physician and botanist
1780: Göran Wahlenberg, Swedish botanist
1820: Ludwig Meyn, German geologist and scientist
1841: Hermann Credner, German geoscientist
1843: Karl Nikolai Jensen Börgen, German astronomer
1862: Marie Henri Andoyer, French astronomer and mathematician
1904: Otto Frisch, Austrian-British physicist
1912: Kathleen Ollerenshaw, British mathematician
1947: Aaron Ciechanover, Israeli biochemist and Nobel Prize winner
Deceased
1659: Nikolaus Pompeius, German philologist and mathematician
1921: Julius von Hann, Austrian physicist and meteorologist, founder of modern meteorology
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2
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October 2
October 2
2. October 2025
1608: In the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, eyewear maker Hans Lipperhey presents the first telescope to the Zeeland Council.
Born in
1727: Ignaz Schiffermüller, Austrian zoologist
1852: William Ramsay, British chemist and Nobel laureate from Scotland, discoverer of noble gases
1861: Friedrich Simon Archenhold, German astronomer
1907: Alexander Todd, British chemist, Nobel Prize winner
1917: Christian de Duve, Belgian biochemist and Nobel Prize winner
1919: Hans Günther Aach, German botanist
1936: Lutz Zülicke, German chemist
Deceased
1616: Ernst Hettenbach, German physicist and physician
1853: François Arago, French astronomer, physicist and politician
1927: Svante Arrhenius, Swedish physical chemist, Nobel Prize winner in chemistry
1951: Hermann Pistor, German mathematician, physicist, and optician, co-founder of modern ophthalmic optics.
1987: Peter Brian Medawar, British biologist, zoologist and anatomist, Nobel prize winner
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3
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October 3
October 3
3. October 2025
Born in
1584: Michael Wolf, German mathematician, physicist, logician and metaphysicist
1854: Hermann von Struve, German-Baltic astronomer and mathematician
1904: Charles Pedersen, American chemist, Nobel Prize winner
Deceased
1919: Pieter van Geer, Dutch mathematician
1932: Max Wolf, German astronomer, discoverer of many asteroids, pioneer of galactic astrophotography
1937: Richard Hertwig, German zoologist
1966: Rolf Sievert, Swedish physicist
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4
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October 4
October 4
4. October 2025
1957: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite in the Sputnik programme, into orbit.
2004: Start of the private space flight era: SpaceShipOne wins the Ansari X-Prize by the second flight over 100 km altitude within two weeks.
Born in
1833: John Anderson, Scottish zoologist
1896: Edgar W. A. Maass, German chemist and writer
1903: John Atanasoff, US-American physicist
1905: Wolfgang Franz, German mathematician
1910: Rudolf Grewe, German chemist
1916: Witali Ginsburg, Russian physicist and Nobel Prize winner
1918: Fukui Kenichi, Japanese chemist; Nobel Prize winner in chemistry
1938: Kurt Wüthrich, Swiss chemist and Nobel Prize winner
Deceased
1947: Max Planck, German theoretical physicist and Nobel Prize winner, is considered the founder of quantum physics.
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5
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October 5
October 5
5. October 2025
1665: The Christian Albrecht University in Kiel, built at the instigation of Duke Christian Albrecht von Gottorf, is inaugurated.
2005: Yves Chauvin, Robert Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock are awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry.
Born in
1644: Ole Rømer, Danish astronomer
1693: Johann Christian Buxbaum, German botanist
1781: Bernard Bolzano, Bohemian theologian, mathematician and philosopher
1834: Hermann Wildpret, Swiss gardener and botanist
1864: Louis Jean Lumière, French chemist and entrepreneur
1882: Giorgio Abetti, Italian astronomer
1889: Dirk Coster, Dutch physicist
Deceased
1565: Lodovico Ferrari, Italian mathematician
1786: Johann Gottlieb Gleditsch, German doctor and botanist
1912: Lewis Boss, US-American astronomer
1976: Lars Onsager, US-American physicochemist, Nobel Prize winner
1985: Karl Menger, Austrian mathematician
1986: James H. Wilkinson, British mathematician
2004: Maurice Wilkins, New Zealand physicist, Nobel Prize winner
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6
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October 6
October 6
6. October 2025
1582: Due to the beginning of the Gregorian calendar, this day does not exist in the Catholic countries of Europe.
Born
1803: Heinrich Wilhelm Dove, German physicist and meteorologist
1831: Richard Dedekind, German mathematician
1903: Ernest Walton, Irish physicist
1931: Riccardo Giacconi, Italian-US-American astrophysicist and Nobel Prize winner
1937: Mario Capecchi, US geneticist and Nobel Prize winner
1940: Eberhard Zeidler, German mathematician
Deceased
1825: Bernard Germain Lacépède, French natural scientist
1870: Augustus Matthiessen, British chemist and physicist
1946: Otto Barsch, German geologist and geophysicist
1983: Hermann Zorn, German chemist
1988: Paul Ledoux, Belgian astronomer and astrophysicist
2001: Alfred Jensch, astronomer and designer
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7
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October 7
October 7
7. October 2025
Born in
1601: Florimond de Beaune, French mathematician
1846: Vladimir Peter Köppen, German meteorologist, climatologist and botanist
1885: Niels Bohr, Danish physicist, Nobel Prize winner
1929: Hans-Peter Dürr, German physicist and author
1939: Harold Kroto, British chemist, Nobel Prize winner
Deceased
1847: Alexandre Brongniart, French chemist and mineralogist, geologist and zoologist
1915: Friedrich Hasenöhrl, Austrian mathematician and physicist
1965: Jesse Douglas, US-American mathematician
2008: George Emil Palade, Romanian cell biologist and Nobel Prize winner
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8
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October 8
October 8
8. October 2025
Born in
1750: Adam Afzelius, Swedish botanist
1850: Henry Le Chatelier, French chemist
1873: Ejnar Hertzsprung, Danish astronomer
1883: Otto Warburg, German biochemist
1917: Rodney Robert Porter, British biochemist, Nobel Prize winner
1918: Jens C. Skou, Danish chemist, Nobel Prize winner
1927: César Milstein, British molecular biologist, Nobel prize winner
1932: Kenneth Appel, US-American mathematician
Deceased
1904: Clemens Alexander Winkler, German chemist
1935: Hans Tropsch, German chemist
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9
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October 9
October 9
9. October 2025
Born in
1852: Emil Fischer, German chemist and Nobel Prize winner, is considered the founder of classical organic chemistry.
1873: Karl Schwarzschild, German astronomer and physicist
1879: Max von Laue, German physicist and Nobel Prize winner
1898: Heinrich Behnke, German mathematician
1933: Peter Mansfield, British physicist and Nobel Prize winner for physiology or medicine
Deceased
1589: Friedrich Pensold, German philologist and physicist
1943: Pieter Zeeman, Dutch physicist and Nobel Prize winner
1946: Israel Aharoni, Israeli zoologist
1967: Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, British chemist and Nobel Prize winner
1990: Georges de Rham, Swiss mathematician
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10
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October 10
October 10
10. October 2025
Born in
1528: Adam Lonitzer, German natural scientist, doctor and botanist
1731: Henry Cavendish, British natural scientist
1757: Erik Acharius, Swedish doctor and botanist
1930: Yves Chauvin, French chemist and Nobel Prize winner
1936: Gerhard Ertl, German physicist and surface chemist, Nobel Prize winner in chemistry
Deceased
1708: David Gregory, Scottish mathematician
1871: Berthold Carl Seemann, German botanist
1919: Martin Leo Arons, German physicist and politician
2015: Richard F. Heck, US chemist and Nobel Prize winner
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11
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October 11
October 11
11. October 2025
Born in
1755: Fausto Elhuyar, Spanish chemist
1758: Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers, German physician and astronomer
1768: Jean-Édouard Adam, French chemist and physicist
1866: Johannes Petrus Kuenen, Dutch physicist
1881: Lewis Fry Richardson, British mathematician and peace researcher
1884: Friedrich Bergius, German chemist and Nobel Prize winner
1885: Alfréd Haar, Hungarian mathematician
1889: Paula Hertwig, German biologist
1910: Cahit Arf, Turkish mathematician
1954: Hermann Gaub, German biophysicist
Deceased
1705: Guillaume Amontons, French physicist
1708: Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, German philosopher and mathematician
1852: Gotthold Eisenstein, German mathematician
1889: James Prescott Joule, British physicist
1921: Haruthiun Abeljanz, Swiss chemist
1940: Vito Volterra, Italian mathematician and physicist
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12
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October 12
October 12
12. October 2025
Born in
1717: Georg Friedrich Baermann, German mathematician
1812: Ascanio Sobrero, Italian chemist
1865: Arthur Harden, British biochemist and Nobel Prize winner
1881: Viktor Kafka, Austrian bacteriologist
1930: Jens Martin Knudsen, Danish astrophysicist
1931: Ole-Johan Dahl, Norwegian computer scientist
1936: Malcolm Haines, British plasma physicist
Deceased
1825: Franz Joseph Müller von Reichenstein, Austrian natural scientist
1866: Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal, German botanist
1927: Benjamin Daydon Jackson, British botanist
1965: Paul Hermann Müller, Swiss chemist, Nobel Laureate
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13
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October 13
October 13
13. October 2025
1908: Fritz Haber applies for a patent for a "process for the synthetic representation of ammonia from the elements", the basis of the groundbreaking Haber-Bosch process.
Born in
1776: Peter Barlow, British mathematician and physicist
1806: Otto Unverdorben, German merchant and pharmacist, discoverer of the dye aniline
1918: Colin Pittendrigh, American biologist, co-founder of chronobiology
1925: Margaret Thatcher, British chemist, lawyer and politician, first woman Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Deceased
1633: Georg Wecker, German physician and physicist
1965: Paul Hermann Müller, Swiss chemist, Nobel Laureate
1987: Walter Houser Brattain, US-American physicist, Nobel Prize winner
2003: Bertram Brockhouse, Canadian Physicist
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14
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October 14
October 14
14. October 2025
1655: Duisburg University is ceremoniously opened.
1882: The University of the Punjab is built in Lahore.
1888: Louis Le Prince records the world's first film, the Roundhay Garden Scene, with a film camera he developed himself.
Born in
1767: Nicolas Theodore de Saussure, Swiss natural scientist
1801: Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau, Belgian-Walloon physicist and photo pioneer
1840: Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch, German physicist
1914: Raymond Davis Jr., US chemist and Nobel Prize winner in physics
1922: Jaroslav Koutecký, Czech chemist
1948: Engin Arık, Turkish physicist
Deceased
1803: François Pierre Ami Argand, Swiss physicist, chemist, inventor and entrepreneur
1831: Jean-Louis Pons, French astronomer
1939: Friedrich Simon Archenhold, astronomer and co-founder of the Archenhold Observatory in Berlin-Treptow
1959: Karl Scharrer, Austrian agricultural chemist
1960: Abram Fjodorowitsch Joffe, Soviet physicist
1984: Martin Ryle, British physicist, Nobel Prize winner
2010: Benno Artmann, German mathematician
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15
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October 15
October 15
15. October 2025
1669: The University of Innsbruck is founded by Emperor Leopold I.
Born in
1608: Evangelista Torricelli, Italian physicist and mathematician
1731: Leopold von Apfaltern, Jesuit and mathematician
1763: Johann Georg Tralles, mathematician and physicist
1829: Asaph Hall, US-American astronomer and discoverer of the Martian moons
1921: Seymour Benzer, US-American physicist and biologist
Deceased
1858: Carl Gustav Mosander, Swedish chemist
1959: Leopold Fejér, Hungarian mathematician
1965: Abraham Fraenkel, German-Israeli mathematician
2000: Konrad Bloch, German biochemist, Nobel Laureate
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16
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October 16
October 16
16. October 2025
1843: The mathematician William Rowan Hamilton thinks of the formula for quaternions (hypercomplex numbers) in a flash of genius. He carves it into a stone of the Broom Bridge in Dublin.
Born in
1816: Antoine Béchamp, French physician, biologist and pharmacologist
Deceased
1968: Walter Friedrich, German biophysicist
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17
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October 17
October 17
17. October 2025
1456: The University of Greifswald is founded. It is the fourth oldest university in the Federal Republic of Germany and the second oldest in the Baltic Sea region.
1604: The astronomer Johannes Kepler observes the supernova 1604 ("Kepler's star"), the last supernova discovered in our Milky Way, in the constellation of snake bearers. He later published his findings in De Stella nova in pede Serpentarii.
Born
1739: Johann Carl Friedrich Meyer, German pharmacist and chemist
1820: Édouard Albert Roche, French mathematician
1848: Adolf August Winkelmann, German physicist
1857: Momme Andresen, German chemist
1919: Isaak Markowitsch Chalatnikow, Russian physicist
1927: Friedrich Hirzebruch, German mathematician
Deceased
1887: Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, German physicist
1944: Adolf Schmidt, German geophysicist
1963: Jacques Salomon Hadamard, French mathematician
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18
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October 18
October 18
18. October 2025
1502: The University of Wittenberg is founded.
Born in
1730: Christian Gottlieb Seydlitz, German physicist and logician
1799: Christian Friedrich Schönbein, German-Swiss chemist
1902: Pascual Jordan, German physicist
Deceased
1564: Johannes Acronius Frisius, West Frisian scholar, physician, astronomer and mathematician
1845: Jean Dominique Comte de Cassini, French cartographer and astronomer
1871: Charles Babbage, English mathematician, philosopher, inventor and political economist
1921: Ulrich Kreusler, German agricultural chemist
1962: Barend Coenraad Petrus Jansen, Dutch chemist
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19
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October 19
October 19
19. October 2025
Born in
1733: Johann Friedrich Hennert, German mathematician and astronomer
1862: Auguste Lumière, French chemist and entrepreneur
1872: Jacques E. Brandenberger, Swiss chemist and textile engineer, inventor of cellophane
1909: Marguerite Perey, French chemist and physicist
1910: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, US astrophysicist and Nobel Prize winner
Deceased
1875: Charles Wheatstone, British physicist
1904: Kenneth E. Iverson, Canadian mathematician
1906: Karl Pfizer, German chemist
1937: Ernest Rutherford, British nuclear physicist, Nobel Prize winner
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20
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October 20
October 20
20. October 2025
Born in
1553: Zacharias Brendel the Elder, German philosopher, physicist, physician and botanist
1580: Peter Crüger, German philologist, astronomer and mathematician
1900: Shirō Akabori, Japanese chemist and university lecturer
1942: Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, German biologist, Nobel Prize winner
Deceased
1896: François Félix Tisserand, French astronomer
1984: Carl Ferdinand Cori, Austrian-US-American physician, physiologist, biochemist and pharmacologist, Nobel Prize winner
1984: Paul A. M. Dirac, British physicist, Nobel Prize winner and co-founder of quantum physics
1987: Andrei Kolmogorov, Russian mathematician
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21
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October 21
October 21
21. October 2025
Born in
1831: Hermann Hellriegel, German agricultural chemist
1883: Friedrich Josef Knoll, Austrian botanist and rector of the University of Vienna
Deceased
1825: Friedrich Theodor von Schubert, German astronomer
1872: Jacques Babinet, French physicist
1881: Eduard Heine, German mathematician
1967: Ejnar Hertzsprung, Danish astronomer
1969: Waclaw Sierpinski, Polish mathematician
1974: Frederik Buytendijk, Dutch biologist, anthropologist, psychologist, physiologist and sports physician
2002: Jesse Leonard Greenstein, US-American astronomer
2006: Arthur Peacocke, British biochemist and theologian
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22
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October 22
October 22
22. October 2025
1746: The College of New Jersey is founded, from which Princeton University develops.
Born in
1511: Erasmus Reinhold, German astronomer and mathematician
1659: Georg Ernst Stahl, German chemist, metallurgist and medical doctor
1729: Johann Reinhold Forster, German natural scientist
1751: Nathanael Gottfried Leske, German natural scientist
1881: Clinton Davisson, American physicist, Nobel Prize winner
1893: Ernst Julius Öpik, Estonian astronomer
Deceased
1833: Sigismund Friedrich Hermbstädt, German pharmacist, chemist, technical writer and technologist
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23
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October 23
October 23
23. October 2025
Born in
1554: Georg Limnäus, German mathematician, astronomer and librarian
1873: William David Coolidge, US-American physicist
1875: Gilbert Newton Lewis, US-American Physicochemist
1905: Felix Bloch, Swiss-US-American physicist, Nobel Prize winner
1908: Ilja Michailowitsch Frank, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize winner
Deceased
1635: Wilhelm Schickard, German astronomer and mathematician
1944: Charles Glover Barkla, British physicist, Nobel Prize winner
1986: Edward Adelbert Doisy, US biochemist, Nobel Prize winner
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24
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October 24
October 24
24. October 2025
1824: At the suggestion of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, a physical association is founded in Frankfurt am Main.
1828: In Großenhain, Saxony, the first German public library is established in the former Latin School with the Vaterländische Bürger-Bibliothek on the initiative of Karl Benjamin Preusker. It aims to appeal to all sections of the population with books.
Born in
1632: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Dutch naturalist and microscope builder
1804: Wilhelm Weber, German physicist
1808: Bernhard von Cotta, German geologist
1811: Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel, German botanist
1821: Philipp Ludwig von Seidel, German mathematician and astronomer
1854: Hendrik Willem Bakhuis Roozeboom, Dutch chemist
1887: Giuseppe Armellini, Italian astronomer
1932: Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, French physicist, Nobel Prize winner
1935: Hermann Matschiner, German chemist and university professor
Deceased
1601: Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer
1655: Pierre Gassendi, French philosopher, theologian and mathematician, astronomer and physicist
1930: Paul Émile Appeal, French mathematician
1940: Pierre Ernest Weiß, French physicist
2007: Adolf Oberth, Romanian chemist and inventor
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25
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October 25
October 25
25. October 2025
Born in
1789: Samuel Heinrich Schwabe, German astronomer
1811: Évariste Galois, French mathematician
1827: Marcelin Berthelot, French chemist and politician
1877: Henry Norris Russell, US-American astronomer
1914: Warren Arthur Ambrose, US-American mathematician
1925: Klaus Friedrich Roth, British professor of mathematics
Deceased
1647: Evangelista Torricelli, Italian natural scientist, inventor of the barometer
1933: Albert Wangerin, German mathematician
1945: Robert Ley, German chemist and politician, head of the German labor front, accused of being a major war criminal
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26
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October 26
October 26
26. October 2025
1861: Johann Philipp Reis introduces a telephone set to the Physikalischer Verein zu Frankfurt am Main as a forerunner of the modern telephone.
Born in
1809: Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn, German naturalist
1849: Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, German mathematician
1874: Thomas Lowry, British chemist
Deceased
1613: Johann Bauhin, Swiss doctor and botanist
1817: Yasuaki Aida, Japanese mathematician
1817: Nikolaus Joseph Freiherr von Jacquin, Austrian botanist and chemist
1870: Thomas Anderson, Scottish botanist
1957: Gerty Cori, Czech-US-American biochemist, Nobel Prize winner
1968: Sergej Natanowitsch Bernstein, Russian mathematician
1968: Rudolf Grewe, German chemist
1983: Alfred Tarski, Polish mathematician and logician
2015: Leo Kadanoff, US-American physicist
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27
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October 27
October 27
27. October 2025
Born in
1854: Leopold Friedrich Anton Ambronn, German astronomer
1855: Ivan Vladimirovich Mitshurin, Russian botanist
1921: José Ádem Chain, Mexican mathematician
Deceased
1845: Jean Peltier, French physicist
1937: Friedrich Christian Georg Ahlborn, German zoologist and physicist
1962: Hermann Muckermann, German biologist and Jesuit
1968: Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist
1992: David Bohm, US-American quantum physicist
1997: Achim Gercke, German biologist
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28
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October 28
October 28
28. October 2025
1538: Pope Paul III approves the foundation of the University of Santo Domingo.
1636: Harvard University is founded in Cambridge. It owes its name to its first benefactor, John Harvard.
1869: Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev publishes the periodic table of the elements.
Born in
1761: Giovanni Antonio Giobert, Italian chemist and mineralogist
1867: Hans Driesch, German biologist
1880: Wilhelm Robert Karl Anderson, German-Baltic astrophysicist
1880: Michele Cipolla, Italian mathematician
1898: František Běhounek, Czech physicist and writer
1914: Richard L. M. Synge, British chemist, Nobel Prize winner
Deceased
1841: Johan August Arfwedson, Swedish chemist
1912: Werner von Bolton, German chemist and materials scientist, inventor of metallic filaments
1916: Cleveland Abbe, US-American astronomer and meteorologist
1959: Walther Bauersfeld, German engineer and physicist
1965: Luigi Amoroso, Italian mathematician and economist
2005: Richard E. Smalley, US chemist and Nobel Prize winner
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29
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October 29
October 29
29. October 2025
Born in
1855: Jacques Curie, French physicist
1866: Gustav Witt, German astronomer
1880: Abram Fjodorowitsch Joffe, Soviet physicist
Deceased
1783: Jean Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert, French mathematician, physicist and philosopher of the Enlightenment
1934: Kurt Floericke, German natural scientist
1951: Robert Grant Aitken, US-American astronomer
1971: Arne Tiselius, Swedish chemist and Nobel Prize winner
1985: Jewgeni Lifschitz, Soviet physicist
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30
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October 30
October 30
30. October 2025
1911: The first Solvay conference on the theory of radiation and quanta, organised by the Belgian industrialist and amateur researcher Ernest Solvay and attended by the world's leading experimental and theoretical physicists, is opened at the Metropol Hotel in Brussels under the chairmanship of Hendrik Antoon Lorentz.
1961: The hydrogen bomb Tsar is ignited in Novaya Semlya. The detonation is still considered to be the largest man-made explosion ever.
Born in
1632: Christopher Wren, British astronomer and architect, founding member of the Royal Society
1758: Friedrich Theodor von Schubert, German astronomer
1868: Albertus Antonie Nijland, Dutch astronomer
1909: Homi Jehangir Bhabha, Indian physicist
1928: Daniel Nathans, US-American biologist
1928: Joachim Wattendorff, German biologist
1938: Marina Ratner, US-American mathematician
1941: Theodor Hänsch, German physicist, pioneer of laser spectroscopy and Nobel Prize winner
1946: William Thurston, US-American mathematician
Deceased
1626: Willebrord Snell, Dutch natural scientist
1975: Gustav Hertz, German physicist, Nobel Prize winner
2002: Pierre Aigrain, French physicist and State Secretary for Research
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31
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October 31
October 31
31. October 2025
1957: The Munich Research Reactor (called the "Atomic Egg") is the first German research reactor to go into operation in Garching near Munich.
Born in
1711: Laura Bassi, Italian philosopher, first professor of physics in Europe
1809: John Stenhouse, British chemist
1815: Karl Weierstrass, German mathematician
1835: Adolf von Baeyer, German chemist
1847: Galileo Ferraris, Italian engineer and physicist
1911: Alexander Iljitsch Achijeser, Russian-Ukrainian theoretical physicist
1925: John Anthony Pople, British mathematician, Nobel Prize winner
Deceased
1867: William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, Irish astronomer
1952: Alexander Alexandrovich Andronov, Soviet physicist
1986: Robert S. Mulliken, US-American physicist and chemist
2005: Hal Anger, US-American electrical engineer and biophysicist
2005: William O. Baker, US-American chemist
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