Welcome

1275: Chinese astronomers report a total solar eclipse.
1391: The University of Ferrara is opened due to a privilege granted by Pope Bonifatius IX.

Born in
1822:Jules Antoine Lissajous, French physicist, at Versailles. He discovered the figures named after him (vibration theory).
1847: Carl Josef Bayer, Austrian chemist
1859: Carl Prüssing, German chemist
1862: Robert Emden, Swiss physicist and astrophysicist
1881: Richard C. Tolman, US-American physicist
1889: Oscar Chisini, Italian mathematician
1904: George Gamov, Russian physicist, in Odessa. He has made many contributions to quantum theory.
1914: Robert R. Wilson, American physicist
1928: Patrick Moore, English astronomer

Deceased
1997: Robert Henry Dicke, US-American physicist and astrophysicist

Born in
1865: Hermann Passow (German chemist)

Deceased
1827: Alessandro Volta, Italian physicist, in Camnago. He was the founder of electricity.

1665: The first edition of Philosophical Transactions is published by the Royal Society in London.
1899: The chemist Felix Hoffman patents Aspirin.

Born in
1669: Georg Theodor Barthold, German physician
1787: Joseph von Frauenhofer, German optician and physicist, discoverer of the Frauenhofer lines in the solar spectrum, in Straubing
1827: Wilhelm Carl Heraeus, German pharmacist, chemist and entrepreneur, founder of the family business Heraeus
1841: Alfred Cornu, French physicist
1847: Cesare Arzelà, Italian mathematician
1859: Louis Boutan, French biologist
1901: Naum Iljitsch Achijeser, Ukrainian mathematician
1937: Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space

Deceased
1900: Gottlieb Daimler, German engineer
1911: William Worrall Mayo, British physician and chemist
1931: Wilhelm Haarmann, German chemist
2005: Hans Albrecht Bethe, German-American physicist and Nobel Prize winner, in Ithaca

1876: Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone
1912: The French pilot Henri Seimet succeeds in the first non-stop flight from Paris to London.

Born in
1792: John Herschel, British astronomer
1837: Henry Draper, US physiologist and astronomer
1838: Carlos Otto, German chemist, in Mirodor(Mexico)
1869: Ernst Julius Cohen, Dutch chemist
1870: Ernst Leonard Lindelöf, Finnish mathematician
1886: Geoffrey Ingram Taylor, British physicist
1930: Stanley Miller, American biologist and chemist
1936: Loren Wilber Acton, US-American physicist
1938: Albert Fert, French physicist and Nobel Prize winner

Deceased
1625: Johann Bayer, German astronomer
1813: Hans Jacob Mumenthaler, Swiss chemist and mechanic
1922: Axel Thue, Norwegian mathematician
1954: Otto Paul Herrmann Diels, German chemist (Nobel Prize for the Diels-Alder reaction), in Kiel
1957: Johann Wolfgang Amschler, German biologist
1990: Carl Alvar Wirtanen, US-American astronomer
2000: William D. Hamilton, British biologist

1929: In the German history of television, Witzleben broadcasts the first television pictures for testing purposes in the Reichspost's Berlin research laboratory.

Born in
1788: Antoine César Becquerel, French physicist
1822: Ignacy Łukasiewicz, Polish chemist, pharmacist and inventor
1839: James Mason Crafts, American chemist, in Boston (Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation)
1877: Carl Mannich, German chemist
1879: Otto Hahn, German physicist, chemist and Nobel Prize winner, in Frankfurt/Main.
1886: Edward Calvin Kendall, American biochemist
1900: Ray Crist, US-American chemist
1920: George Keith Batchelor, Australian mathematician and physicist

Deceased
1924: Eduard Mulder, Dutch chemist

1931: Ernst Ruska tests the first electron microscope he developed together with Max Knoll. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986.
1961: The bitch Laika flies into space on board Sputnik 9.

Born in
1856: Edward Goodrich Acheson, American chemist and technician, in Washington, D.C.
1881: Wera Tubandt, German chemist
1923: Walter Kohn, American physicist and Nobel Prize winner
1934: Yuri Gagarin, Soviet cosmonaut and first man in space
1965: Steffen Thomas, German chemist and Internet pioneer

Deceased
1851: Hans Christian Oerstedt, Danish chemist and physicist, in Copenhagen. He discovered and isolated piperidine.
1954: Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs, German astronomer

1814: Joseph von Fraunhofer discovers the so-called Fraunhofer lines, absorption lines that can be seen as dark stripes in the solar spectrum.
1876: Alexander Graham Bell and his assistant Thomas Watson make a first telephone call: "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you."

Born in
1604: Johann Rudolph Glauber, German chemist (Glauber's salt) and pharmacist, in Karlstadt.
1762: Jeremias Benjamin Richter, German chemist and founder of stoichiometry, in Hirschberg.
1852: Richard Anschütz, German chemist, in Darmstadt. He succeeded in synthesizing anthracene and developed numerous laboratory instruments.
1910: Klaus Oswatitsch, Austrian physicist
1923: Val Fitch, US physicist, Nobel Prize winner
1936: Samuel Danishefsky, US-American chemist

Deceased
1585: Rembert Dodoens, Flemish botanist and physicist
1942: William Henry Bragg, British physicist and Nobel Prize winner
1966: Frits Zernike, Dutch physicist

Born in
1811: Urbain Leverrier, French astronomer
1818: Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville, French chemist, in Saint Thomas
1863: Vladimir Ippolitovich Lipski, Soviet botanist
1910: Robert Havemann, German chemist, in Munich
1920: Nicolaas Bloembergen, US-American physicist

Deceased
1874: Moritz Hermann von Jacobi, German physicist and engineer, developed the first practical electric motor.
1894: Carl Ernst Heinrich Schmidt, Russian chemist and physician
1955: Alexander Fleming, Scottish bacteriologist, discoverer of penicillin
2007: Georg Zundel, German physicist, entrepreneur and philanthropist committed to peace policy

62: Heron of Alexandria mentions a lunar eclipse over the city of Alexandria.
1365: Duke Rudolf IV, the founder, and his brothers Albrecht and Leopold sign the foundation charter of the University of Vienna. This makes it the second oldest university in the Holy Roman Empire after Charles University in Prague and the oldest still existing university in the German-speaking world.

Born in
1606: Johann Caspar Bauhin, Swiss physician and botanist
1732: Joseph Gärtner, German botanist
1824: Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, German physicist (electricity), in Königsberg (Kaliningrad). Together with Bunsen he discovered caesium and rubidium.
1832: Charles Friedel, French chemist, in Strasbourg. Together with Crafts he developed the Friedel- Crafts alkylation and acylation.
1835: Simon Newcomb, astronomer and mathematician
1838: William Henry Perkin, British chemist, in London.
1891: Michel Polanyi, Hungarian-British chemist and philosopher.
1925: Leo Esaki, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize winner
1927: Elmar Zeitler, German physicist

Deceased
1898: Johann Jakob Balmer, Swiss mathematician and physicist
1942: Sir William Henry Bragg, British physicist, Nobel Prize winner

1781: German-British astronomer William Herschel discovers the planet Uranus
1930: US astronomer Clyde Tombaugh discovers the planet Pluto

Born in
1733 Percy Lowell, US Astronomer
1842: Valentin Joseph Boussinesq, French mathematician and physicist
1855: Percival Lowell, US-American astronomer, founder of the Lowell Observatory
1878: Otto Hönigschmid, Czech-Austrian chemist in Horowitz (Bohemia).
1907: Ludwig Biermann, German physicist.

Deceased
1719: Johann Friedrich Böttger, German alchemist and inventor of European porcelain, in Dresden.
1930: Stephen Alfred Forbes, American biologist, co-founder of limnology.
1935: Richard Mollier, German-Austrian physicist, physicochemist and mechanical engineer

Born in
1692: Pieter van Musschenbroek, Dutch natural scientist
1854: Paul Ehrlich, German chemist, serologist and physician, in Strehlen. He is regarded as the father of modern chemotherapy.
1879: Albert Einstein in Ulm

1506: Pope Julius II approves the establishment of the Viadrina University in Frankfurt an der Oder.
1892: US inventor Jesse Reno patents the first escalator.

Born in
1713: Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, French astronomer
1801: Coenraad J. van Houten, Dutch pharmacist and chemist
1821: Eduard Heine, German mathematician
1821: Johann Josef Loschmidt, Austrian physicist and chemist, in Putschim near Karlsbad. He was the first to calculate, on the basis of gas-kinetic investigations, the Loschmidt's number, named after
1951: Jürgen Mlynek, German physicist, University President, President of the Helmholtz Association

Died.
1991: Sir Robert Hill, British biochemist. He was very much involved in the study of photosynthesis (Hill reaction).
2004: Sir John Anthony Pople, British mathematician and theoretical chemist, in Sarasota (Florida). In 1998 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Walter Kohn. His life's work consists in the calculation methods for molecular orbitals (Paris-Parr-Pople method).

1921: In an experiment, the German chemist Fritz Winkler discovers another state of matter: plasma.
1942: The first experimental launch of a V-2 rocket takes place at the Army Experimental Station in Peenemünde. The rocket explodes during ignition.

Born
1750: Caroline Herschel, German astronomer
1787: Georg Ohm, German physicist
1846: Magnus Gösta Mittag-Leffler, Swedish mathematician
1853: Heinrich Kayser, German physicist
1859: Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Russian physicist and radio pioneer
1918: Frederick Reines, US-American physicist
1925: Luis E. Miramontes, Mexican chemist, co-inventor of the first contraceptive pill

Deceased
1670: Johann Rudolph Glauber, German pharmacist and chemist
1841: Félix Savart, French physician and physicist
1933: Alfréd Haar, Hungarian mathematician
1998: Sir Derek Barton, British chemist and Nobel Prize winner

1963: The eruption of the volcano Agung on the island of Bali in Indonesia causes more than 1,100 deaths.

Born in
1751: Andreas Dahl, Swedish botanist

Deceased
1782: Daniel Bernoulli Swiss mathematician and physicist
1853: Christian Doppler, Austrian physicist
1956: Irène Joliot-Curie, French-Polish chemist, in Paris, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with her husband.
2001: Boris Rauschenbach, Russian physicist

1965: The Soviet astronaut Alexei Leonov made the first trip into space

Born in
1690: Christian Goldbach, Prussian mathematician
1762: Karl Christian Gmelin, German botanist and natural scientist
1763: Friedrich Gottlob Hayne, German botanist, pharmacist and university lecturer
1796: Jakob Steiner, Swiss mathematician
1858:Rudolf Diesel, German engineer

Deceased
1871: Augustus de Morgan, British mathematician
1907:Marcellin Bertholet, French chemist, in Paris
1971: Klaus Katterbach, German physicist

Born in
1837: Eugen von Lommel, German physicist
1877: Franz Fischer, German chemist
1883: Sir Walter Norman Haworth, British chemist, at White Coppice. For his research on carbohydrates and vitamin C, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1937.
1899: Jan Hendrik de Boer, Dutch chemist and physicist, in ruins. Together with van Arkel, he developed the van Arkel-de-Boer process for extracting high-purity metals.
1900: Frédéric Joliot-Curie, French physicist
1943: Mario José Molina, Mexican chemist

Deceased
1871: Wilhelm Ritter von Haidinger, Austrian geologist and mineralogist
1950: Sir Walter Norman Haworth, British chemist and Nobel Prize winner
1977: Pehr Edman, Swedish biochemist

1800: Alessandro Volta informs the Royal Society in London of a power source he had invented, the principle of which is known as the Volta ash column.

Born
1735:Torben Olof Bergman, Swedish chemist, in Katharinberg. He is regarded as the founder of analytical chemistry.
1834: Charles William Eliot, American chemist
1840:Franz Mertens, Polish mathematician
1884: Philipp Frank, German philosopher, physicist and mathematician
1904: Walter Elsasser, German-US-American physicist

Deceased
1880: Wilhelm Philipp Schimper, Alsatian botanist and palaeobotanist
1943: Arthur von Weinberg, German chemist and honorary citizen of Frankfurt am Main
1947: Victor Moritz Goldschmidt, German geochemist
1993: Polykarp Kusch, US-American physicist
2007: Albert Baez, US-American physicist

1684: The astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini discovers two moons of the planet Saturn, Tethys and Dione.

Born
1714: Georg Heinrich Borz, German mathematician
1768:Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier, French mathematician
1904: Max Steenbeck, German physicist
1924: Harry Lehmann, German physicist
1927: Halton Arp, US-American astronomer
1932: Walter Gilbert, American chemist, in Boston. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980.

Died
2002: Eugene G. Rochow, US-American chemist

Born in
1868: Alfred Fowler, British astronomer
1868: Robert Andrews Millikan, American physicist, Nobel Prize winner
1931: Burton Richter, American physicist and Nobel Prize winner, in New York. He is one of the discoverers of the so-called Psi particles.

Died
1772: John Canton, English physicist
1951: Werner Emmanuel Bachmann, US chemist

1895: William Ramsay isolates the chemical element and noble gas helium from the uranium mineral Cleveit for the first time.

Born in
1754: Jurij Vega, Slovenian mathematician
1854: Ernst Otto Taschenberg, German scientist and professor
1881: Hermann Staudinger, German chemist and Nobel Prize winner
1882: Emmy Noether, German mathematician
1888: Hans Thirring, Austrian physicist
1912:Wernher von Braun, German rocket pioneer
1937: Ibrahim Abouleish, Egyptian chemist, entrepreneur and development aid worker, winner of the Alternative Nobel Prize

Deceased
1946: Gilbert Newton Lewis, US-American physical chemist
1957: Rudolf Fischer, German chemist and entrepreneur

Born in
1494: Georgius Agricola, German natural scientist, in Glauchau.
1804: Emil Lenz, German-Baltic physicist
1820: Alexandre Edmond Becquerel, French physicist
1849: Franz-Serafin Exner, Austrian physicist
1884: Petrus Josephus Wilhelmus Debye, Dutch physicist and theoretical chemist, in Maastricht. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1936 for his research on dipole moments.
1891: Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov, Russian physicist
1893: Walter Baade, German astronomer and astrophysicist
1903: Adolf Butenandt, German chemist and Nobel Prize winner (1939), in Lehe.

Died
1849:Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, German chemist, in Jena.
1864:Karl Ernst Claus, German chemist and discoverer of ruthenium.
2005: Volker Bigl, German biochemist and brain researcher, Rector of the University of Leipzig.

Born in
1798: Christoph Gudermann, German mathematician
1836: Julius Weingarten, German mathematician
1865: Pierre Ernest Weiß, French physicist
1884: Georges Imbert, chemist and inventor
1932: Wolfgang Helfrich, German physicist

Deceased
1712: Nehemiah Grew, English botanist, physicist and physiologist
1867: Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, German chemist, in Oranienburg, Germany, who earned his services in the field of coal tar chemistry.
1940: Édouard Branly, French physicist

1511: A strong earthquake shakes the Balkans and has repercussions in Northern Italy. There are an estimated 6,000 deaths.
1636: The University of Utrecht is founded with a solemn act.
1812: An earthquake destroys Caracas, Venezuela. Around 12,000 people die in the catastrophe, which Alexander von Humboldt also reports on.

Born in
1753: Benjamin Thompson, British officer, politician, experimental physicist and inventor of American descent
1773: Nathaniel Bowditch, US mathematician, astronomer and physicist
1859: Adolf Hurwitz, German mathematician
1875: Max Abraham, German physicist
1893: James Bryant Conant, US-American chemist, science politician and diplomat
1911: Bernard Katz, British biophysicist, Nobel Prize winner in medicine
1916: Christian Boehmer Anfinsen, American biochemist and Nobel Prize winner in chemistry (1972), in Monessen.
1929: Heinz A. Staab, German chemist
1938: Anthony James Leggett, British physicist and Nobel Prize winner
1951: Carl E. Wieman, American physicist, Nobel Prize winner

Deceased
1822: Theodor Grotthuß, Latvian physicist and chemist
1910: Auguste Charlois, French astronomer
1940: Wilhelm Robert Karl Anderson, German-Baltic astrophysicist
2011: Harry Coover, US-American chemist

Born in
1824: Johann Wilhelm Hittorf, German physicist and chemist, in Bonn.
1845: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, German physicist, Nobel Prize winner and discoverer of X-rays, in Lennep.
1847: Otto Wallach, German chemist, in Königsberg. In 1910 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his contributions to organic chemistry.
1855: James Alfred Ewing, British physicist and engineer
1857: Karl Pearson, British mathematician

Deceased
1923:James Dewar, Scottish physicist and chemist, inventor of the thermos flask; suggested a benzene structure.
1967:Jaroslav Heyrovský, Czech chemist and Nobel laureate (polarography), in Prague

1979: A Level 5 reactor accident on the International Nuclear Event Assessment Scale (INES) on Three Mile Island near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, results in a partial core meltdown. The repair of the damage takes about 12 years and costs more than one billion US dollars. According to a medical study, there are no long-term health consequences.

Born in
1847: Gyula Farkas, Hungarian physicist and mathematician
1872: Otto Dimroth, German chemist (Dimroth cooler, Dimroth rearrangement)
1880: Fritz Klatte, German chemist
1892: Corneille Heymans, Belgian pharmacologist and Nobel Prize winner
1899: Georg Weissel, Austrian chemist, resistance fighter and commander of the Republican Protection League
1900: Ernst Brüche, German physicist
1921: Harold M. Agnew, US-American physicist
1930: Jerome I. Friedman, US-American physicist
1934: Günter Ahlers, US-American physicist
1946: Wubbo Ockels, Dutch physicist and astronaut

Deceased
1858: Willem Alberda van Ekenstein, Dutch chemist
1927: Hermann Ernst Ludwig Viktor Ambronn, German botanist and physicist
1950: Ernst Hellinger, German mathematician
1982: William Francis Giauque, US-American chemist

1796: Carl Friedrich Gauss uses a compass and ruler to determine a construction method for the seventeen corner.

Born in
1641: Johann Zahn, German optician, inventor, mathematician and author
1769: Friedrich Accum, German chemist
1840: Antoine Désiré André, French mathematician
1855: Julius Bredt, German chemist
1896: Wilhelm Ackermann, German mathematician
1923: Jack D. Dunitz, British chemist
1927: Martin Fleischmann, US-American chemist
1927: John Robert Vane, British biochemist

Deceased
1777:Johann Heinrich Pott, German pharmacist and chemist, in Berlin.
2000: Karl-Heinz Lauterjung, German physicist.

Born in
1757: Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, French physicist and aeronautical pioneer, succeeded in the first manned aeronautics of mankind.
1811: Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, German chemist (spectral analysis, Bunsen burner, Bunsen element and Bunsen photometer)
1892: Stefan Banach, Polish mathematician
1910: Józef Marcinkiewicz, Polish mathematician

Deceased
1559: Adam Ries, German mathematician
1783: William Hunter, Scottish anatomist
1863: Auguste Bravais, French physicist and co-founder of crystallography, in Le Chesnay.
1911: Ellen Swallow Richards, American chemist and ecologist.
1914: John Henry Poynting, British physicist
1922: Otto Taschenberg, German natural scientist and professor
1941: Herbert Freundlich, German physical chemist, basic researcher in colloid chemistry
1977: Jacques Errera, Belgian physical chemist
2000: George Keith Batchelor, Australian mathematician and physicist

1880: Wabash, Indiana, is the first place fully equipped with electric street lighting.

Born in
1596: René Descartes, French philosopher and mathematician
1821: Johann Friedrich Theodor Müller, German biologist
1853: Otto Nikolaus Witt, Russian chemist
1857: Bailey Willis, US-American geologist
1890: William Lawrence Bragg, British physicist and Nobel Prize winner, in Adelaide. He is one of the fathers of X-ray crystallography.
1901: Josef Goubeau, German chemist
1927: Erich Kirste, German physicist
1934: Heinz Kautzleben, German scientist and geophysicist
1934: Carlo Rubbia, Italian physicist

Deceased
1841: George Green, British mathematician and physicist
1843: Thomas Fowler, mathematician and inventor
1945: Hans Fischer, German chemist and Nobel Prize winner, in Munich.
1949: Friedrich Bergius, German chemist and Nobel Prize winner, in Buenos Aires.
1997: Friedrich Hund, German physicist.